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Do Demons Take the Name of Those Who Grant Them Access to the Family

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Purported control of a human being body past spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods

Spirit possession is an unusual or altered country of consciousness and associated behaviors purportedly caused by the control of a human trunk by spirits, ghosts, demons, or gods.[ane] The concept of spirit possession exists in many cultures and religions, including Buddhism, Christianity,[two] Haitian Vodou, Hinduism, Islam, Wicca, and Southeast Asian and African traditions. Depending on the cultural context in which information technology is institute, possession may be considered voluntary or involuntary and may be considered to have beneficial or detrimental effects on the host.[3]

In a 1969 written report funded by the National Plant of Mental Health, spirit possession behavior were found to exist in 74% of a sample of 488 societies in all parts of the world, with the highest numbers of believing societies in Pacific cultures and the lowest incidence among Native Americans of both Due north and Due south America.[1] [4] As Pentecostal and Charismatic Christian churches move into both African and Oceanic areas, a merger of belief can accept identify, with "demons" condign representative of the "old" ethnic religions, which the Christian ministers attempt to exorcise.[5]

African traditions [edit]

Cardinal Africa [edit]

Democratic Congo-brazzaville

Further information: Zebola

Horn of Africa [edit]

Ethiopia [edit]

Amid the Gurage people of Ethiopia, spirit possession is a common belief. Wiliam A. Shack postulated that it is caused past Gurage cultural attitudes virtually food and hunger, while they accept a plentiful food supply, cultural pressures that force the Gurage to either share it to come across social obligations, or hoard it and eat information technology secretly crusade feelings of anxiety. Distinctions are drawn between spirits that strictly possess men, spirits that possess women, and spirits that possess victims of either sex. A ritual affliction that only affects men is believed to be caused by a spirit chosen awre. This affliction presents itself past loss of ambition, nausea, and attacks from severe tum pains. If it persists, the victim may enter a trance-like shock, in which he sometimes regains consciousness long enough to take food and water. Breathing is frequently labored. Seizures and trembling overcome the patient, and in extreme cases, partial paralysis of the extremities.[6]

If the victim does not recover naturally, a traditional healer, or sagwara, is summoned. In one case the sagwara has determined the spirit's name through the use of divination, he prescribes a routine formula to exorcise the spirit. This is not a permanent cure, nevertheless, information technology is believed to allow the victim to form a relationship with the spirit. Nevertheless, the victim is field of study to chronic repossession, which is treated by repeating the formula. This formula involves the grooming and consumption of a dish of ensete, butter, and red pepper. During this ritual, the victim's caput is covered with a drapery, and he eats the ensete ravenously while other ritual participants participate past chanting. The ritual ends when the possessing spirit announces that it is satisfied. Shack notes that the victims are overwhelmingly poor men, and that women are not equally food-deprived as men, due to ritual activities that involve food redistribution and consumption. Shack postulates that the awre serves to bring the possessed man to the eye of social attending, and to relieve his anxieties over his inability to proceeds prestige from redistributing food, which is the primary way in which Gurage men gain status in their society.[6]

The conventionalities in spirit possession is office of the native culture of the Sidama people of southwest Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. Anthropologists Irene and John Hamer postulated that it is a form of bounty for being deprived within Sidama lodge, although they practice not draw from I.K. Lewis (encounter Cultural anthropology section under Scientific views). The bulk of the possessed are women whose spirits need luxury goods to alleviate their condition, but men tin can exist possessed likewise. Possessed individuals of both sexes can become healers due to their condition. Hamer and Hamer suggest that this is a form of compensation among deprived men in the securely competitive society of the Sidama, for if a man cannot gain prestige equally an orator, warrior, or farmer, he may still gain prestige as a spirit healer. Women are sometimes accused of faking possession, simply men never are.[seven]

Eastward Africa [edit]

Kenya

  • The Digo people of Republic of kenya refer to the spirits that supposedly possess them as shaitani. These shaitani typically demand luxury items to make the patient well again. Despite the fact that men sometimes accuse women of faking the possessions in order to go luxury items, attention, and sympathy, they do mostly regard spirit possession equally a genuine condition and view victims of it as being ill through no fault of their ain. However, men sometimes doubtable women of actively colluding with spirits in order to be possessed.[8]
  • The Giriama people of coastal Kenya believe in spirit possession.[9]

Mayote

  • In Mayotte, approximately 25% of the adult population, and five times as many women equally men, enter trance states in which they are supposedly possessed by certain identifiable spirits who maintain stable and coherent identities from one possession to the adjacent.[10]

Mozambique

  • In Mozambique, a new belief in spirit possession appeared after the Mozambican Civil War. These spirits, called gamba, are said to be identified equally dead soldiers, and allegedly overwhelmingly possess women. Prior to the state of war, spirit possession was limited to certain families and was less common.[11]

Republic of uganda

  • In Uganda, a woman named Alice Auma was reportedly possessed by the spirit of a male Italian soldier named Lakwena ('messenger'). She ultimately led a failed insurrection confronting governmental forces.[12]

Tanzania

  • The Sukuma people of Tanzania believe in spirit possession.[13]
  • A at present-extinct spirit possession cult existed amongst the Hadimu women of Zanzibar, revering a spirit chosen kitimiri. This cult was described in an 1869 account past a French missionary. The cult faded by the 1920s and was virtually unknown by the 1960s.[14]

Southern Africa [edit]

  • A belief in spirit possession appears among the Xesibe, a Xhosa-speaking people from Transkei, South Africa. The majority of the supposedly possessed are married women. The condition of spirit possession among them is called inwatso. Those who develop the condition of inwatso are regarded as having a special calling to divine the futurity. They are beginning treated with sympathy, and and then with respect every bit they allegedly develop their abilities to foretell the time to come.[15]

West Africa [edit]

  • 1 religion among Hausa people of West Africa is that of Hausa animism, in which belief in spirit possession is prevalent.

African diasporic traditions [edit]

In many of the Diasporic traditional African religions, possessing spirits are not necessarily harmful or evil, only are rather seeking to rebuke misconduct in the living.[16] Possession is also for the purpose to gain knowledge and insight from an ancestral spirit or deity. This is washed by dancing in a circle counterclockwise or performing other rituals to call the spirit. Possession by a spirit in African Diaspora and African Traditional Religions tin can issue in healing for the person possessed and information gained from possession every bit the spirit provides noesis to the one they possessed.[17] [18]

Haitian Vodou [edit]

In Haitian Vodou and related African diaspora traditions, ane way that those who participate or practise can have a spiritual experience is past being possessed by the Loa (or lwa). When the Loa descends upon a practitioner, the practitioner's body is existence used by the spirit, according to the tradition. Some spirits are believed to exist able to give prophecies of upcoming events or situations pertaining to the possessed 1, as well chosen a Chwal or the "Equus caballus of the Spirit." Practitioners describe this as a beautiful just very tiring experience. Most people who are possessed past the spirit draw the onset equally a feeling of blackness or energy flowing through their body as if they were being electrocuted. Co-ordinate to Vodou believers, when this occurs, information technology is a sign that a possession is about to have identify.[ citation needed ]

According to tradition, the practitioner has no recollection of the possession and in fact, when the possessing spirit leaves the body, the possessed one is tired and wonders what has happened during the possession. It is likewise believed that there are those who feign possessions considering they want attending or a feeling of importance, because those who are possessed carry a high importance in ceremony. Often, a chwal volition undergo some form of trial or testing to make sure that the possession is allegedly 18-carat. As an example, someone possessed by one of the Guédé spirits may be offered piment, a liqueur made by steeping 21 chili peppers in kleren, a stiff alcoholic beverage. If the chwal consumes the piment without showing any show of pain or discomfort, the possession is regarded equally 18-carat.[ commendation needed ]

Umbanda [edit]

The concept of spirit possession is as well institute in Umbanda, an Afro-Brazilian folk religion. According to tradition, one such possessing spirit is Pomba Gira, who possesses both women and males.[nineteen]

Hoodoo [edit]

The civilisation of Hoodoo was created by African-Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African-Americans traveled, the tradition of Hoodoo inverse co-ordinate to African-Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes reverence to ancestral spirits, African-American quilt making, herbal healing, Bakongo and Igbo burial practices, Holy Ghost shouting, praise houses, serpent reverence, African-American churches, spirit possession, some Nkisi practices, Blackness Spiritual churches, Black theology, the ring shout, the Kongo cosmogram, Simbi h2o spirits, graveyard conjuring, the crossroads spirit, making conjure canes, incorporating animal parts, pouring of libations, Bible conjuring, and conjuring in the African-American tradition. In Hoodoo, people become possessed by the Holy Ghost. Spirit possession in Hoodoo was influenced past Due west African Vodun spirit possession. As Africans were enslaved in the Usa, the Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) replaced the African gods during possession. "Spirit possession was reinterpreted in Christian terms."[20] In African-American churches this is chosen filled with the Holy Ghost. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (W. E. B. Du Bois) studied African-American churches in the early on twentieth century. Du Bois asserts that the early years of the Black church during slavery on plantations was influenced by Voodooism.[21]

Through counterclockwise circle dancing, ring shouters congenital upward spiritual energy that resulted in the communication with bequeathed spirits, and led to spirit possession. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the center. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm. The center of the ring shout is where the ancestors and the Holy Spirit reside at the center.[22] [23] [24] The Ring Shout (a sacred dance in Hoodoo) in Black churches results in spirit possession. The Band Shout is a counterclockwise circle trip the light fantastic toe with singing and clapping that results in possession by the Holy Spirit. It is believed when people become possessed by the Holy Spirit their hearts become filled with the Holy Ghost which purifies their heart and soul from evil and replace it with joy.[25] The Ring Shout in Hoodoo was influenced by the Kongo cosmogram a sacred symbol of the Bantu-Kongo people in Cardinal Africa. It symbolizes the cyclical nature of life of birth, life, decease, and rebirth (reincarnation of the soul). The Kongo cosmogram too symbolizes the rising and setting of the dominicus, the lord's day rising in the east and setting in the west that is counterclockwise, which is why band shouters dance in a circle counterclockwise to invoke the spirit.[26] [27]

Asian traditions [edit]

Buddhism [edit]

According to the Indian medical literature and Tantric Buddhist scriptures, most of the "seizers", or those that threaten the lives of young children, appear in animal course: cow, lion, play tricks, monkey, equus caballus, dog, squealer, true cat, crow, pheasant, owl, and snake. Yet, apart from these "nightmare shapes", it is believed the impersonation or incarnation of animals could in some circumstances also exist highly beneficial, according to Michel Strickmann.[28]

Ch'i Chung-fu, a Chinese gynecologist writing early in the 13th century, wrote that in improver to five sorts of falling frenzy classified according to their causative factors, there were also four types of other frenzies distinguished by the sounds and movements given off by the victim during his seizure: cow, horse, squealer, and dog frenzies.[28]

Māra

Buddha, resisting the demons of Mara

In Buddhism, a māra, sometimes translated every bit "demon", tin either be a beingness suffering in the hell realm[29] or a mirage.[30] Before Siddhartha became Gautama Buddha, He was challenged past Mara, the apotheosis of temptation, and overcame it.[31] In traditional Buddhism, four forms of māra are enumerated:[32]

  • Kleśa-māra, or māra as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions, such as greed, hate, and delusion.
  • Mṛtyu-māra, or māra as expiry.
  • Skandha-māra, or māra as metaphor for the entirety of conditioned existence.
  • Devaputra-māra, the deva of the sensuous realm, who tries to prevent Gautama Buddha from attaining liberation from the cycle of rebirth on the night of the Buddha'southward enlightenment.[33]

It is believed that a māra will depart to a different realm once it is appeased.[29]

Eastern asia [edit]

Certain sects of Taoism, Korean shamanism, Shinto, some Japanese new religious movements, and other East Asian religions feature the idea of spirit possession. Some sects feature shamans who supposedly become possessed; mediums who allegedly aqueduct beings' supernatural ability; or enchanters are said to imbue or foster spirits within objects, like samurai swords.[34] The Hong Kong pic Super Normal Ii (大迷信, 1993) shows the true famous story of a immature lady in Taiwan who possesses the dead body of a wife to live her pre-determined remaining life.[35] She is withal serving in the Zhen Tian Temple in Yunlin County.[36]

China

  • Shi (Chinese antecedent veneration)
  • Shamanism of the Solon People (Inner Mongolia)
  • Tangki

Japan

  • Misaki

Southern asia [edit]

Ayurveda

  • Bhūtavidyā, the exorcism of possessing spirits, is traditionally one of the eight limbs of Ayurveda.

Rajasthan

  • The concept of spirit possession exists in the culture of mod Rajasthan. Some of the spirits allegedly possessing Rajasthanis are seen as good and benign, while others are seen every bit malevolent. The good spirits are said to include murdered royalty, the underworld god Bhaironji, and Muslim saints & fakirs. Bad spirits are believed to include perpetual debtors who die in debt, stillborn infants, deceased widows, and foreign tourists. The supposedly possessed individual is referred to every bit a ghorala, or "mount". Possession, even if past a benign spirit, is regarded equally undesirable, every bit it is seen to entail loss of self-control, and vehement emotional outbursts.[37]

Tamil Nadu

  • Tamil women in India are said to feel possession past peye spirits. According to tradition, these spirits overwhelmingly possess new brides, are usually identified equally the ghosts of young men who died while romantically or sexually frustrated, and are ritually exorcised.[38]

Sri Lanka

  • The Coast Veddas, a social group within the minority grouping of Sri Lankan Tamil people in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, enter trances during religious festivals in which they are regarded as existence possessed by a spirit. Although they speak a dialect of Tamil, during trances they will sometimes use a mixed language that contains words from the Vedda linguistic communication.[39]

Southeast Asia [edit]

Republic of indonesia

  • In Bali, the animist traditions of the isle include a practice called sanghyang, consecration of voluntary possession trance states for specific purposes. Roughly similar to voluntary possession in Vaudon (Voodoo), sanghyang is considered a sacred land in which hyangs (deities) or helpful spirits temporarily inhabit the bodies of participants. The purpose of sanghyang is believed to be to cleanse people and places of evil influences and restore spiritual balance. Thus, information technology is oftentimes referred to as an exorcism anniversary.[ citation needed ]
  • In Sulawesi, the women of the Bonerate people of Sulawesi practice a possession-trance ritual in which they smother glowing embers with their bare anxiety at the climax. The fact that they are not burned in the process is considered proof of the authenticity of the possession.[40]

Malaysia

  • Female workers in Malaysian factories have allegedly become possessed by spirits, and factory owners generally regard it as mass hysteria and an intrusion of irrational and archaic behavior into a modern setting.[41]
  • Anthropologist Aihwa Ong noted that spirit possession beliefs in Malaysia were typically held by older, married women, whereas the female factory workers are typically young and unmarried. She connects this to the rapid industrialization and modernization of Malaysia. Ong argued that spirit possession is a traditional way of rebelling against authorisation without penalization, and suggests that it is a means of protesting the untenable working conditions and sexual harassment that the women were compelled to suffer.[41]

Oceanic traditions [edit]

Melanesia [edit]

The Urapmin people of the New Republic of guinea Highlands practise a form of group possession known as the "spirit disco" (Tok Pisin: spirit disko).[42] Men and women gather in church buildings, dancing in circles and jumping up and down while women sing Christian songs; this is called "pulling the [Holy] spirit" (Tok Pisin: pulim spirit, Urap: Sinik dagamin).[42] [43] The songs' melodies are borrowed from traditional women's songs sung at pulsate dances (Urap: wat dalamin), and the lyrics are typically in Telefol or other Mountain Ok languages.[43] If successful, some dancers will "get the spirit" (Tok Pisin: kisim spirit), flailing wildly and careening about the dance flooring.[42] After an hr or more, those possessed will collapse, the singing will end, and the spirit disco volition terminate with a prayer and, if in that location is time, a Bible reading and sermon.[42] The trunk is believed to normally be "heavy" (Urapmin: ilum) with sin, and possession is the process of the Holy Spirit throwing the sins from ane'due south body, making the person "light" (fong) again.[42] This is a completely new ritual for the Urapmin, who have no indigenous tradition of spirit-possession.[42]

Micronesia [edit]

The concept of spirit possession appears in Chuuk State, i of the iv states of Federated states of micronesia. Although Chuuk is an overwhelmingly Christian society, traditional beliefs in spirit possession past the expressionless still exist, normally held past women, and "events" are usually brought on by family conflicts. The supposed spirits, speaking through the women, typically chide family members to treat each other improve.[44]

European traditions [edit]

Aboriginal Greece [edit]

Abrahamic traditions [edit]

Christianity [edit]

Roman Catholic doctrine states that angels are non-corporeal, spiritual beings[45] with intelligence and will.[46] Fallen angels, or demons, are able to "demonically possess" individuals without the victim's noesis or consent, leaving them morally blameless.[47]

Demonic possession [edit]

From its showtime, Christianity has held that possession derives from the Devil, i.e. Satan, his bottom demons, the fallen angels.[48] In the boxing betwixt Satan and Sky, Satan is believed to engage in "spiritual attacks", including demonic possession, confronting human beings by the utilise of supernatural powers to damage them physically or psychologically.[1] Prayer for deliverance, blessings upon the homo or woman's house or body, sacraments, and exorcisms are generally used to drive the demon out.

Old Attestation

The Catholic Encyclopedia says that there is only one apparent case of demonic possession in the Old Testament, of Rex Saul existence tormented by an "evil spirit" (1 Samuel 16:xiv), but this depends on interpreting the Hebrew word "rûah" equally implying a personal influence which it may not, so even this example is described every bit "non very certain". In improver, Saul was only described to exist tormented, rather than possessed, and he was relieved from these torments past having David play the lyre to him.[49]

Some theologians, such as Ángel Manuel Rodríguez, say that mediums, like the ones mentioned in Leviticus 20:27, were possessed past demons. Another possible case of demonic possession in the Old Testament includes the false prophets that King Ahab relied upon before re-capturing Ramoth-Gilead in 1 Kings 22. They were described to be empowered by a deceiving spirit.[50]

New Attestation

The New Attestation mentions several episodes in which Jesus drove out demons from persons.[48] Whilst most Christians believe that demonic possession is an involuntary affliction,[51] there are Biblical verses that suggest that demon possession is voluntary. An example of this is Judas Isacriot, who brutal under the Devil'southward possession in John 13:27 because he continually agreed to the Devil's suggestions to beguile Jesus and wholly submitted to him.[52]

The New Testament (of The Holy Bible) indicates that people can be possessed by demons (This is linguistically debatable according to the original Greek text. Nestle-Aland, page 165, et al), only that the demons reply and submit to Jesus Christ'southward potency:

33 In the synagogue, at that place was a man possessed (This word does not be in the original Greek text. See Nestle-Aland, p. 165 et al) by a demon, an evil spirit. He cried out at the acme of his vocalisation, 34"Ha! What do you want with united states of america, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy u.s.? I know who you are—the Holy One of God! "35"Exist placidity!" Jesus said sternly. "Come out of him!" Then the demon threw the man downwardly before them all and came out without injuring him. 36All the people were amazed and said to each other, "What is this teaching? With say-so and ability he gives orders to evil spirits and they come out!" 37And the news nigh him spread throughout the surrounding expanse

—Luke 4:33-35 NIV[53]

It besides indicates that demons tin can possess animals equally in the exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac.[53]

Catholicism

Exorcism of the Gerasene Demonaic

Catholic exorcists differentiate between "ordinary" Satanic/demonic activity or influence (mundane everyday temptations) and "boggling" Satanic/demonic activity, which tin can take half-dozen different forms, ranging from consummate control by Satan or demons to voluntary submission:[47]

  1. Possession, in which Satan or demons take total possession of a person's body without their consent. This possession commonly comes as a consequence of a person's actions; actions that pb to an increased susceptibility to Satan's influence.
  2. Obsession, which includes sudden attacks of irrationally obsessive thoughts, usually culminating in suicidal ideation, and which typically influences dreams.
  3. Oppression, in which there is no loss of consciousness or involuntary action, such equally in the biblical Book of Job in which Job was tormented past Satan through a serial of misfortunes in business, fabric possessions, family unit, and health.
  4. External physical hurting caused by Satan or demons.
  5. Infestation, which affects houses, objects/things, or animals; and
  6. Subjection, in which a person voluntarily submits to Satan or demons.

In the Roman Ritual, true demonic or Satanic possession has been characterized since the Centre Ages, past the following 4 typical characteristics:[54] [55]

  1. Manifestation of superhuman strength.
  2. Speaking in tongues or languages that the victim cannot know.
  3. Revelation of knowledge, afar or hidden, that the victim cannot know.
  4. Cursing rage, obscene hand gestures, using profanity and an disfavor to holy symbols, names, relics or places.

The New Catholic Encyclopedia states, "Ecclesiastical authorities are reluctant to acknowledge diabolical possession in most cases, considering many can be explained by physical or mental illness lonely. Therefore, medical and psychological examinations are necessary before the performance of major exorcism. The standard that must be met is that of moral certitude (De exorcismis, 16). For an exorcist to be morally certain, or beyond reasonable doubtfulness, that he is dealing with a genuine case of demonic possession, there must exist no other reasonable explanation for the phenomena in question".[56]

Official Cosmic doctrine affirms that demonic possession can occur equally distinguished from mental illness,[57] but stresses that cases of mental disease should not be misdiagnosed equally demonic influence. Cosmic exorcisms can occur only under the authority of a bishop and in accordance with strict rules; a elementary exorcism also occurs during baptism.[1]

Reformed

The infliction of demonic torment upon an private has been chronicled in premodern Protestant literature. In 1597, King James discussed four methods of daemonic influence upon an individual in his book Daemonologie:[58]

  1. Spectra, beingness the haunting and troubling of certain houses or solitary places.
  2. Obsession, the following and outwardly torment of an individual at diverse hours to either weaken or cast diseases upon the torso, as in the book of Chore.
  3. Possession, the entrance inwardly into an individual to afford uncontrollable fits, induce blasphemies,
  4. Faerie, being the influence those who voluntarily submit to consort, prophesy, or servitude.

King James attested that the symptoms derived from demonic possession could be discernible from natural diseases. He rejected the symptoms and signs prescribed by the Catholic church every bit vain (e.g. rage begotten from Holy Water, fearfulness of the Cantankerous, etc.) and institute that the exorcism rites to be troublesome and ineffective to recite. The Rites of the Catholic Church to remedy the torment of demonic spirits were rejected every bit apocryphal since few possessed could be cured by them. James therefore declared the Protestant view of casting out devils, "Information technology is piece of cake then to empathize that the casting out of Devils, is by the virtue of fasting and prayer, and in-calling of the name of God, suppose many imperfections be in the person that is the instrument, every bit CHRIST himself teaches us (Mat. 7) of the power that imitation Prophets all have cast out devils".[59]

In medieval Groovy Uk, the Christian church had offered suggestions on safeguarding one's home. Suggestions ranged from dousing a household with holy h2o, placing wax and herbs on thresholds to "ward off witches occult," and avoiding sure areas of townships known to be frequented by witches and Devil worshippers after dark.[sixty] Afflicted persons were restricted from entering the church, but might share the shelter of the porch with lepers and persons of offensive life. After the prayers, if quiet, they might come up in to receive the bishop's blessing and listen to the sermon. They were fed daily and prayed over by the exorcists, and, in case of recovery, afterward a fast of from xx to xl days, were admitted to the Eucharist, and their names and cures entered in the church records.[61] In 1603, the Church of England forbade its clergy from performing exorcisms because of numerous fraudulent cases of demonic possession.[57]

Baptist

In May 2021, the Baptist Deliverance Study Group of the Baptist Union of Great Britain, a Christian denomination, issued a "alert against occult spirituality following the rise in people trying to communicate with the expressionless". The committee reported that "becoming involved in activities such as Spiritualism can open up a doorway to swell spiritual oppression which requires a Christian rite to fix that person free".[62]

Evangelical

In both charismatic and evangelical Christianity, exorcisms of demons are often carried out by individuals or groups belong to the deliverance ministries movement.[63] According to these groups, symptoms of such possessions can include chronic fatigue syndrome, homosexuality, addiction to pornography, and alcoholism.[64] The New Testament'southward clarification of people who had evil spirits includes a noesis of future events (Acts 16:sixteen) and great strength (Human action 19:13-16),[48] amid others, and shows that those with evil spirits can speak of Christ (Marker three:7-11).[48] Some Evangelical denominations believe that demonic possession is non possible if one has already professed their faith in Christ, because the Holy Spirit already occupies the trunk and a demon cannot enter.

Islam [edit]

Various types of creatures, such every bit jinn, shayatin, ʻafarit, institute within Islamic civilisation, are often held to be responsible for spirit possession. Spirit possession appears in both Islamic theology and wider cultural tradition.

ʻAfarit

Although opposed by some Muslim scholars, sleeping near a graveyard or a tomb is believed to enable contact with the ghosts of the expressionless, who visit the sleeper in dreams and provide hidden knowledge.[65] Possession by ʻafarit (a vengeful ghost) are said to grant the possessed some supernatural powers, but it drives them insane as well.[66]

Jinn

Jinn are much more than physical than spirits,[67] nevertheless, due to their subtle bodies, which are composed of fire and air (marijin min nar), they are purported to be able to possess the bodies of humans. Such physical intrusion of the jinn is conceptually different from the whisperings of the devils.[68] Though non directly attested in the Quran, the notion of jinn possessing humans is widespread amid Muslims and also accepted by nigh Islamic scholars.[69] Since such jinn are said to have free volition, they can have their ain reasons to possess humans and are not necessarily harmful. There are various reasons given equally to why a jinn might seek to possess an individual, such equally falling in love with them, taking revenge for pain them or their relatives, or other undefined reasons.[seventy] [71] At an intended possession, the covenant with the jinn must be renewed.[72] Since jinn are non necessarily evil, they are distinguished from cultural concepts of possession past devils/demons.[73]

Shayatin

In contrast to Jinn, the shayatin are inherently evil.[74] Iblis, the leader of the shayatin, only tempts humans into sin by post-obit their lower nafs.[75] [76] Hadiths advise that the demons/devils whisper from within the human body, inside or next to the heart, and so "devilish whisperings" (Arabic: waswās وَسْوَاس) are sometimes thought of as a kind of possession.[77] Unlike possession by jinn, the whisperings of demons affects the soul instead of the body.

Judaism [edit]

Shedim

Although forbidden in the Hebrew Bible, magic was widely practiced in the late Second Temple Period and well documented in the period following the destruction of the Temple into the tertiary, quaternary, and fifth centuries C.Due east.[78] [79] Jewish magical papyri were inscriptions on amulets, ostraca and incantation bowls used in Jewish magical practices confronting shedim and other unclean spirits. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Jewish methods of exorcism were described in the Book of Tobias.[80] [81]

Dybbuk

In the 16th century, Isaac Luria, a Jewish mystic, wrote virtually the transmigration of souls seeking perfection. His disciples took his idea a footstep further, creating the idea of a dybbuk, a soul inhabiting a victim until it had accomplished its task or atoned for its sin.[82] The dybbuk appears in Jewish sociology and literature, as well as in chronicles of Jewish life.[83] In Jewish folklore, a dybbuk is a disembodied spirit that wanders restlessly until information technology inhabits the torso of a living person. The Baal Shem could expel a harmful dybbuk through exorcism.[84]

Shamanic traditions [edit]

Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner who is believed to interact with a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such every bit trance.[85] [86] The goal of this is normally to direct these spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world, for healing or another purpose.[85]

New religious movements [edit]

Wicca [edit]

Wiccans believe in voluntary possession by the Goddess, connected with the sacred ceremony of Cartoon Downward the Moon. The high priestess solicits the Goddess to possess her and speak through her.[87]

Scientific views [edit]

Cultural anthropology [edit]

The works of Jean Rouch, Germaine Dieterlen, and Marcel Griaule have been extensively cited in inquiry studies on possession in Western Africa that extended to Brazil and North America due to the slave trade.[88] [89]

The anthropologist I.M. Lewis noted that women are more than probable to be involved in spirit possession cults than men are, and postulated that such cults act every bit a ways of compensation for their exclusion from other spheres within their corresponding cultures.[90]

Physical anthropology [edit]

Anthropologists Alice B. Kehoe and Dody H. Giletti argued that the reason that women are more than commonly seen in Afro-Eurasian spirit possession cults is considering of deficiencies in thiamine, tryptophan-niacin, calcium, and vitamin D. They argued that a combination of poverty and food taboos cause this problem, and that it is exacerbated by the strains of pregnancy and lactation. They postulated that the involuntary symptoms of these deficiencies affecting their nervous systems have been institutionalized equally spirit possession.[91]

Medicine and psychology [edit]

Spirit possession (of any kind, including demonic possession) is not a psychiatric or medical diagnosis recognized past either the DSM-5 or the ICD-10.[92] However, in clinical psychiatry, trance and possession disorders are defined as "states involving a temporary loss of the sense of personal identity and full awareness of the surroundings" and are generally classed as a type of dissociative disorder.[93]

People declared to be possessed by spirits sometimes exhibit symptoms similar to those associated with mental illnesses such as psychosis, catatonia, hysteria, mania, Tourette's syndrome, epilepsy, schizophrenia, or dissociative identity disorder,[94] [95] [96] including involuntary, uncensored beliefs, and an extra-man, extra-social aspect to the individual'southward actions.[97] Information technology is not uncommon to ascribe the experience of slumber paralysis to demonic possession, although it's not a physical or mental illness.[98] Studies take found that alleged demonic possessions can exist related to trauma.[99]

In entry article on Dissociative Identity Disorder, the DSM-five states, "possession-form identities in dissociative identity disorder typically manifest as behaviors that appear as if a 'spirit,' supernatural beingness, or outside person has taken control such that the individual begins speaking or acting in a distinctly different manner".[100] The symptoms vary across cultures.[93] The DSM-five indicates that personality states of dissociative identity disorder may be interpreted every bit possession in some cultures, and instances of spirit possession are often related to traumatic experiences—suggesting that possession experiences may be caused by mental distress.[99] In cases of dissociative identity disorder in which the alter personality is questioned as to its identity, 29 per centum are reported to place themselves as demons.[101] A 19th century term for a mental disorder in which the patient believes that they are possessed past demons or evil spirits is demonomania or cacodemonomanis.[102]

Some take expressed business that belief in demonic possession can limit admission to health treat the mentally ill.[103]

Notable examples [edit]

Purported spirit channelers [edit]

In alphabetical order:

  • Alice Auma
  • Lurancy Vennum

Purported demonic possessions [edit]

In chronological guild:

  • Martha Brossier (1578)
  • Aix-en-Provence possessions (1611)
  • Mademoiselle Elizabeth de Ranfaing (1621)
  • Loudun possessions (1634)
  • Dorothy Talbye trial (1639)
  • Louviers possessions (1647)
  • The Possession of Elizabeth Knapp (1671)
  • George Lukins (1788)
  • Gottliebin Dittus (1842)
  • Antoine Gay (1871)
  • Johann Blumhardt (1842)
  • Clara Germana Cele (1906)
  • Exorcism of Roland Doe (1940)
  • Anneliese Michel (1968)
  • Michael Taylor (1974)
  • Arne Cheyenne Johnson (1981)
  • Tanacu exorcism (2005)

Run across likewise [edit]

  • Automatic writing
  • Body hopping
  • Demonology
  • Divine madness
  • Enthusiasm
  • Jamaican Maroon spirit-possession language
  • List of exorcists
  • Necromancy
  • Spirit spouse
  • Spiritualist Church
  • The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
  • Unclean spirit
  • Walk-in

References [edit]

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  2. ^ Marking 5:9, Luke 8:30
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  4. ^ Bourguignon & Ucko (1969).
  5. ^ Robbins (2004a), pp. 117–143.
  6. ^ a b Shack (1971), pp. 40–43.
  7. ^ Hamer & Hamer (1966).
  8. ^ Gomm (1975).
  9. ^ McIntosh (2004).
  10. ^ Lambek (1988), pp. 710–731.
  11. ^ Igreja & Dias-Lambranca (2008), pp. 353–371. sfnp mistake: no target: CITEREFIgrejaDias-Lambranca2008 (aid)
  12. ^ Allen (1991), pp. 370–399.
  13. ^ Tanner (1955), pp. 274–279.
  14. ^ Alpers (1984), pp. 677–702.
  15. ^ O'Connell (1982), pp. 21–37.
  16. ^ Verter (1999), p. 187.
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  82. ^ "Dybbuk". Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 20 Nov 2019.
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  87. ^ Adler (1997), p.[ folio needed ].
  88. ^ Queiroz (2012), pp. 184–211.
  89. ^ De Heusch (2007), pp. 365–386.
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  91. ^ Kehoe & Giletti (1981), pp. 549–561.
  92. ^ Henderson (1981), pp. 129–134.
  93. ^ a b Bhasvar, Ventriglio & Dinesh (2016), pp. 551–559. sfnp fault: no target: CITEREFBhasvarVentriglioDinesh2016 (help)
  94. ^ "How Exorcism Works". viii September 2005.
  95. ^ Goodwin (1990), pp. 94–101. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGoodwin1990 (aid)
  96. ^ Ferracuti & Sacco (1996), pp. 525–539. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFerracutiSacco1996 (help)
  97. ^ Strickmann (2002), p. 65.
  98. ^ Beyerstein (1995), pp. 544–552.
  99. ^ a b Braitmayer, Hecker & Van Duijl (2015).
  100. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 293. ISBN978-0-89042-554-one.
  101. ^ Erlendsson (2003).
  102. ^ Noll (2009).
  103. ^ Karanci (2014).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession

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